Use of a commercial ELISA kit specific for glycoprotein E peptides to indirectly detect Caprine Herpesvirus 1 (CpHV-1) in the state of São Paulo, Brazil / Uso de kit ELISA comercial específico para peptídeos da glicoproteína E para detecção indireta de Herpesvírus Caprino tipo 1 (CpHv-1) no estado de São Paulo, Brasil

Caprine herpesvirus 1 (CpHV-1) infection is associated with clinical manifestations related to animal age, with high mortality in kids and infertility in adults. Given the scarcity of research about the epidemiological situation of this infection in Brazilian flocks, we aimed to conduct a cross-sectional descriptive study to detect antibodies against CpHV-1 in goats in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Fifty-five male and female goats ­ kids and adult ­ were assessed in this study. Blood serum was analyzed by a commercial ELISA kit to detect antibodies against CpHV-1, which had not been used in Brazil before. No animals were reactive. Brazil lacks information about CpHV-1 infection in goat flocks. Continuing the study is crucial to understand the epidemiological situation of the disease and establish protocols for infection control.(AU)

A infecção pelo Herpesvírus Caprino tipo 1 (CpHv-1) está associada a manifestações clínicas relacionadas à idade dos animais, com alta mortalidade em filhotes e infertilidade em adultos. Diante da escassez de estudos sobre situação epidemiológica dessa infecção nos rebanhos brasileiros, a presente pesquisa teve como objetivo realizar um estudo transversal e descritivo para a detecção de anticorpos anti-Herpesvírus Caprino tipo 1 em caprinos do estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Foram avaliados 55 caprinos machos e fêmeas, filhotes e adultos. O soro sanguíneo foi analisado por um kit ELISA comercial para detecção de anticorpos contra CpHv-1, de utilização inédita no Brasil. Nenhum animal estudado foi sororreagente. O Brasil carece de informações acerca da infecção pelo Herpesvírus Caprino tipo 1 nos rebanhos caprinos do país. A continuidade do estudo é imprescindível para compreender a situação epidemiológica da enfermidade e estabelecer protocolos para controle da infecção.(AU)

A bovine herpesvirus 5 recombinant defective in the thymidine kinase (TK) gene and a double mutant lacking TK and the glycoprotein E gene are fully attenuated for rabbits

Bovine herpesvirus 5 (BoHV-5), the agent of herpetic meningoencephalitis in cattle, is an important pathogen of cattle in South America and several efforts have been made to produce safer and more effective vaccines. In the present study, we investigated in rabbits the virulence of three recombinant viruses constructed from a neurovirulent Brazilian BoHV-5 strain (SV507/99). The recombinants are defective in glycoprotein E (BoHV-5gEÄ), thymidine kinase (BoHV-5TKÄ) and both proteins (BoHV-5gEÄTKÄ). Rabbits inoculated with the parental virus (N = 8) developed neurological disease and died or were euthanized in extremis between days 7 and 13 post-infection (pi). Infectivity was detected in several areas of their brains. Three of 8 rabbits inoculated with the recombinant BoHV-5gEÄ developed neurological signs between days 10 and 15 pi and were also euthanized. A more restricted virus distribution was detected in the brain of these animals. Rabbits inoculated with the recombinants BoHV-5TKÄ (N = 8) or BoHV-5gEÄTKÄ (N = 8) remained healthy throughout the experiment in spite of variable levels of virus replication in the nose. Dexamethasone (Dx) administration to rabbits inoculated with the three recombinants at day 42 pi did not result in viral reactivation, as demonstrated by absence of virus shedding and/or increase in virus neutralizing titers. Nevertheless, viral DNA was detected in the trigeminal ganglia or olfactory bulbs of all animals at day 28 post-Dx, demonstrating they were latently infected. These results show that recombinants BoHV-5TKÄ and BoHV-5gEÄTKÄ are attenuated for rabbits and constitute potential vaccine candidates upon the confirmation of this phenotype in cattle.

Viral coinfection in the oral cavity of HIV-infected children: relation among HIV viral load, CD4+T lymphocyte count and detection of EBV, CMV and HSV / Co-infecção viral na cavidade bucal de crianças infectadas pelo HIV: relação entre carga viral, contagem de linfócitos T-CD4+ e detecção de EBV, CMV e HSV

A relação entre a infecção pelo HIV e a presença de diferentes tipos de vírus na cavidade bucal foi estudada em 180 crianças HIV-positivo, com idades entre zero e 13 anos de idade, de ambos os sexos. Os exames foram realizados nos Ambulatórios de Aids Pediátrica dos Hospitais São Lucas e de Clínicas, ambos em Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil e no Centro Hospitalar Universitário da Universidade Estadual de Nova Iorque, em Stony Brook (EUA). O objetivo desta pesquisa foi usar a técnica da PCR para detectar a presença dos vírus CMV, EBV e HSV na cavidade bucal desses pacientes, independentemente da presença ou não de manifestações estomatológicas relacionadas aos mesmos. Pode-se concluir que foi alta a freqüência de vírus detectados na cavidade bucal das crianças da amostra através da técnica da PCR e que a contagem média de linfócitos T-CD4+ das crianças com a presença dos vírus encontrava-se próxima da normalidade, enquanto a Carga Viral do HIV encontrava-se elevada.

Imunogenicidade do herpesvírus bovino tipo 5 (BHV-5) em vacinas inativadas de diferentes formulaçöes / Immunogenicity of bovine herpesvirus type-5 vaccines formulated in different ways

Quatro vacinas inativadas, produzidas com uma amostra do herpesvírus bovino tipo 5 (BHV-5) isolada de um surto de meningoencefalite no Rio Grande do Sul, foram administradas em quarenta bovinos visando a avaliar a sua capacidade imunogênica. As vacinas A e B foram formuladas com adjuvante oleoso e as vacinas C e D com hidróxido de alumínio [Al 2(OH)3]. O título da suspensäo viral utilizada nas vacinas foi de 10 elevado a 7,5 DICT 50 / 2,5µL. Immunostin, um imunoestimulante derivado de Mycobacterium, foi adicionado às vacinas B e D. Após receberem três doses de vacina com intervalos de 30 dias, somente os animais dos grupos A (90 por cento) e B (100 por cento) desenvolveram uma resposta sorológica significativa. As respostas sorológicas às vacinas A e B foram ajustadas por regressäo linear, demonstrando que os títulos de anticorpos aumentaram significativamente à medida que foram repetindo-se as aplicaçöes das vacinas. O Immunostin potencializou a capacidade imunogênica da vacina D mas, aparentemente, näo foi eficiente na vacina B. Concluiu-se que as vacinas inativadas, produzidas a partir de suspensöes virais de BHV-5 com títulos altos e com adjuvante oleoso induzem a produçäo de níveis consideráveis de anticorpos neutralizantes em mais de 80 por cento dos animais vacinados após a terceira dose.

Human herpes virus 8 and kaposi's sarcoma: A review

Kaposi's Sarcoma (KS) was first described one century ago as a disease occurring in elderly men manifested as an indolent cutaneous form. After the onset of human immunodeficiency virus type I (HIV-1) infection, KS became epidemic which, in association with HIV, presented as an aggressive, systemic disease. Recently, the recognition that a novel human herpes virus-8 (HHV-8) was highly prevalent among KS patients provided strong evidence to indicate that HHV-8 was the etiology of KS. The pathogenesis of KS in AIDS patients is still controversial, but there is evidence suggesting that KS is a cytokine-mediated disease, and that increased levels of inflammatory cytokines in AIDS patients were responsible for the aggressive pattern of disease seen in such patients. The recently developed serological assays for detection of HHV-8 antibodies have made possible a better understanding of the prevalence of HHV-8 in different populations, and this has allowed a deeper understanding of HIV-8 epidemiology.

Clinical pathology an reactivation of human lymphotropic herpesviruses

Los virus linfotrópicos herpes humanos ejercen un efecto dual en el sistema inmune: estimulan como antígenos e interfieren funcionalmente debido a sulinfotropismo. En consecuencias, pueden resultar diferentes enfermedades, o verse éstas influenciadas en su evolución, posterior a la reactivación o persistencia de dichos virus. Los efectos son modulados por la edad del afectado y mediante la actividad variable del sistema de defensa humano. Los patrones de enfermedad asociados con estos virus van desde aproliferativos (aplásticos) hasta proliferativos (neoplásicos) y desórdenes autoinmunes. Esta revisión resume los conceptos e hipótesis actuales

Anticorpos contra pestivirus e herpesvirus em caprinos leiteiros no Estado de Pernambuco / Antibodies against pestivirus and herpesvirus in dairy goats in Pernambuco State, Brazil

A preliminar survey to detect antibodies against BVD/MD (NADL) and BHV1 (Los Angeles) was perfomed in five dairy goat flocks from four counties of Pernambuco State, Brazil. Two hundred and six serum samples of purebred (Saanen, Toggenburg and Alpine) and crossbred goats were tested by microplate serumneutralization test. Positive results (titre >/ 4) were recorded in 11.6 per cent and 6.8 per cent of samples test to BVD/MD and BHV 1, respectively

Herpesvirus-Specific IgM antibodies in thalassaemic children

Thirty thalassemic children [22 males and 8 females] were included in this study. Thorough history and clinical examination, enzyme immunoassay [EIA] were used for detection of IgM antibodies against herpes simplex virus [HSV] types 1 and 2, cytomegalovirus [CMV] and Epstein Barr virus [EBV]. IgM antibodies for HSVI, HSVII, CMV and EBV were positive in 10%, 40%, 6.6% and 20% of the thalassemic patients studied, respectively. The prevalence was significantly higher in thalassemic patients compared with a control group of 20 children with matched age and sex [53% versus 10%] [p <0.001], and also among splenectomized compared with non-splenectomized thalassemics [60% versus 40%] [p <0.05]. Furthermore, among serologically positive patients, the incidence of symptomatic herpes infections was 33%, 42%, 50% and 50% for HSVI, HSVII, CMV and EBV, respectively. It might be concluded that patients with thalassemia are at high risk for symptomatic as well as subclinical herpesvirus infections. Reactivation of these infections may constitute an important cause of morbidity and mortality, particularly among splenectomized patients. Identification of herpesvirus infections is recommended, especially among these patients in order to institute specific antiviral therapy for serologically positive thalassemics

Estudio de la respuesta serológica a algunos Herpevirus en un grupo de pacientes infectados con el VIH / Study of the serological response to certain Herpes viruses in a group of patients presenting with HIV infection

Se determinaron los títulos de anticuerpos al virus del herpes simple (VHS), Citomegalovirus (CMV) y antígeno de la cápsula viral (ACV) del virus Epstein Barr (VEB) en muestras de suero provenientes de pacientes infectados con el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH), pertenecientes a los grupos II (n=26= y IV (n=32) de acuerdo con el sistema actual de clasificación de la infección por VIH, así como un grupo de donantes de sangre (n=52=. LOs títulos promedio geométricos (TPG) obtenidos a diferentes agentes fueron muy elevados en los pacientes infectados con VIH con respecto a los TPG observados en los donantesñ los pacientes del grupo II tuvieron títulos a ACV del VEB significativamente más elevados que los donantes de sangre. Los niveles de anticuerpos a estos agentes en los pacientes del grupo IV fueron más elevados que los niveles obtenidos en los donantes, notándose que las diferencias en cuanto a los niveles de ACV del VEB fueron altamente significativas. Estos resultados indican la posible importancia de la infección por VEb en la historia natural del síndrome de inmunodeficiencia adquirida

Relative role of B and T lymphocytes in pathogenesis of a murine herpes virus.

Pathogenesis of a murine herpes virus was investigated in inbred strains (BALB/c, CBA, AKR and C57BL/10) of mice. After intranasal inhalation, virus was found to replicate primarily in the lungs, followed by haematogenous spread to the target organs (adrenal glands and ganglia). AKR (H-2k) were found to be most susceptible to virus infection while CBA (H-2k) mice appeared to be relatively resistant. Infection of B-cell depleted BALB/c mice resulted in detection of lower lung virus titres in B-cell depleted animals as compared to normal intact mice. Moreover, 3 of 12 normal mice in untreated group died of virus infection while deaths did not occur in the B-cell depleted group. Results of T-cell subset depletion experiments in BALB/c mice revealed maximum mortality in the group depleted of both Lyt-2+ and L3T4+ subpopulations. Infectious virus titres were also higher in lungs of T-cell depleted animals.

Prevalencia de anticuerpos contra el virus de Epstein Barr en niños de 9ms a 16 años

Se estudia la presencia de anticuerpos para el antígeno capsular del virus de Epstein Barr (VEB) en 100 niños de ambos sexos con edades comprendidas entre 9 meses y 16 años, encontrándose una prevalencia global de 79% con tendencia a aumentar con la edad señalando la temprana infección con el virus aunque con poca expresión clínica de enfermedad. El déficit de agua intradomiciliaria y las transfusiones sanguíneas constituyen los elementos de riesgos más Importantemente identificados